Сравнение практик

Другое: Methods of integrating water users and WUAs

• Use of water resources
• Use of land resources

Страна: Казахстан

Область: Жамбылская

Район: Таласский

Другой населенный пункт: Village of Sadu Shakirov

Страна: Кыргызстан

Область: Таласская

The site is located in the desert foothill plain in South-ern Kazakhstan (internal drain area) at the very end of Sharuashlyk Irrigation Canal.

Water User Associations (WUAs) are located in the western and central parts of the Tien Shan Mountains - from the Fergana Valley in the west to the central part of the Tien Shan in the east, from Kazakhstan in the north to the northern part of the Pamir in the south.  The territory of Kyrgyzstan stretches for 900 km from west to east and for 410 km from north to south (approximately between latitudes of 39N and 43N).

Scale of coverage: 450 WUAs with the serviced area of 736 000 ha; the intra-farm infrastructure consisting of 22.7 thous. km of irrigation canals (including 5.5 thous. km lined and in trays), 4.3 thous. km of open and closed collector and drainage networks, over 250 pools of daily and decade-based regulation, about 20 thous. units of hydro-engineering facilities.

Дата начала: 01.05.2008

Дата окончания: 30.04.2009

Дата начала: 01.01.2001

Дата окончания: 31.12.2013

Acute water shortage; land degradation in the village of Sadu Shakirov; abandoned irrigated arable lands used only for year-round cattle grazing.

For a long time, the irrigation canal was not operation-al and, thus, became dilapidated. The situation in the area was aggravated by climate change impacts (de-creased quantity of early spring, summer and winter precipitation, increased average annual temperature, spring and autumn frost bites and summer droughts).

After the country obtained independence, collective and state farms split into multiple small household and country farms, and the water management sector of Kyrgyzstan faced typical transition challenges, including the following key ones:

• absence of relevant standard legal and institutional frameworks, ambiguity of land and water rights regulations;
• lack of financial means for operation and maintenance (O&M) and absence of water pricing policy;
• wear of irrigation and drainage infrastructure that led to unreliable supply and distribution of irrigation water as well as issues associated with drainage and land flooding, etc.;
• practically all intra-farm infrastructure consisting of irrigation canals, open and closed collector and drainage networks, hydro-engineering facilities were left “ownerless”.

Method of autumn and winter water-charging irrigation

1. Methods of integrating water users and WUAs;
2. Techniques of assessing the technical capacities of irrigation and drainage networks;
3. Training seminars on different aspects of WUA activities (administration, financial management, water use, O&M of WUA irrigation infrastructure, legal framework of WUA operation and monitoring)

Actions:
1) Reconstruction of the canal, stop-gates and field irrigation networks (rehabilitation of irrigation furrows),
2) Setting up artificial pastures with forage crops

Results:

Financial and economic:
Using water-charging irrigation for rangelands allowed increasing their productivity from 3.5 to 5 dt/ha and receiving 60 tons of herbage for cattle and sheep and goats from non-cultivated land.

Technical:
1) 12 km of the canal and 5 stop-gates to regulate water releases restored,
2) 5 km of irrigation furrows built,
3) Cultivated pastures with forage crops created (soil preparation, alfaalfa planting, coordination of irrigation norms),
4) Fields are prepared during the summer-fall period, and watered during late fall or early spring.

Actions:

Within the framework of the first World Bank Project “Intra-Farm Irrigation” (PVO-1), in the course of 5-6 years more than 450 WUAs were established which are currently independently servicing the intra-farm irrigation network supplying water to over 700 thous. ha of agricultural land. In addition, the intra-farm water supply networks of 354 WUAs were fully re-balanced from the books of rural administrations and other economic entities. 1,138 km of intra-farm irrigation and 142.3 km of collector and drainage networks, 32 day run-off ponds, 3,401 hydro-posts, etc. underwent rehabilitation.  Trainings on all aspects of WUA operation (administration, financial management, water use, O&M of WUA irrigation infrastructure, legal framework of WUA activities, monitoring) were conducted covering over 48 thous. WUA members. The Law of the KR “On Water User Unions (Associations)” was adopted (February 2002).

35 Water Management Councils covering 229.4 thous. ha of irrigated land were established. In addition, 14 Unions (Federations) of Water User Associations covering 121.7 thous. ha of irrigated land were created and underwent legal registration across the country. The purposes of such Unions are joint operation and technical maintenance of intra-farm networks located within their respective service zones.

In early 2008, the 2^nd Project “Intra-Farm Irrigation” (PVO-2) was launched to extend further support to, build the capacity of and train about 500 WUAs in all regions of the republic.  Out of them, 29 WUAs covering the irrigated area of approx. 51,000 ha executed rehabilitation operations and upgraded their irrigation and drainage systems.

Within the framework of implementing this practice, WUAs received assistance to ensure their ability to effectively and productively use the rehabilitated intra-farm irrigation systems in a sustainable manner with the special focus on water resources and assets management.

Results:

The practice facilitated capacity building of WUAs, improving of water resources management by WUAs as well as enhancing the technical capacities of intra-farm and drainage infrastructure.

Lessons learnt:
Application of water-charging irrigation allowed in-creasing water availability and, as the result, productivity of agricultural crops.

Application of water-charging irrigation demonstrated the efficiency of water use and allowed local popula-tion to go through winter without losing livestock.

Recommendations:
The method can be used in areas/communities where along with crop growing the population is also involved in livestock breeding.

Lessons learnt:

The newly established farm-level institutions – Water User Associations – ensure uniform and stable delivery of irrigation water from state water management organizations to final water users.

Recommendations:

At present, the capacities of WUAs as well as WUA Unions (Federation) are rather low.  Considering the fact that WUAs represent the weakest link in water hierarchy and the role of water users in addressing the tasks of national food, water and environmental security, the government should find ways to support (first of all, financially) WUAs and WUA Unions (Federations).  Training of WUA personnel on all aspects of associations’ activities should be carried out on annual basis.

Traditional tools transferred from generation to generation that proved their efficiency in modern conditions

• Domestic tools (outcomes of research by domestic R&D organizations);
• Foreign tools (transfer of foreign experience)

1. Затраты на внедрение: Высокие

2. Примерная стоимость капиталовложений на 1 га:

3. Затраты на поддержание и эксплуатацию: Высокие

4. Экспертная поддержка: Не требуется

1. Затраты на внедрение: Высокие

2. Примерная стоимость капиталовложений на 1 га:

3. Затраты на поддержание и эксплуатацию: Высокие

4. Экспертная поддержка: Не требуется

Project title: Fall and early spring Irrigation of arable land and pastures as an adaptation mechanism of ra-tional water use in Southern Kazakhstan

Duration: May 1, 2008 – April 30, 2009

Project goal and objectives: reduce land degradation due to climate change by way of rational use of irriga-tion water. The project was implemented to prevent loss of cattle due to forage shortage during alternating droughty years.

Project beneficiaries: local population.

Project implementer: Kogal LLC

Project title: Intra-Farm Irrigation (PVO-1 and PVO-2).

Project duration: 2001-2013 (13 years).

Project goal and objectives: establish, develop and strengthen WUAs as well as rehabilitate intra-farm irrigation and drainage infrastructure.

Project beneficiaries: water users and WUAs.

Project implementer: Department of Water Management and Reclamation of the MoA of Kyrgyzstan

1) UNDP Compilation “Climate change adaptation: ex-amples from Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan”, Tashkent 2012;
2) pandia.org

Online publications:

1. Report on performance assessment of water user associations in southern regions of the Kyrgyz Republic, 2010 (www.osce.org/ru/);
2. Presentation “Intra-Farm Irrigation Project” by Training Specialist Mr. O. Segizbayev (www.myshared.ru);
3. Specialists of the Department of Water Management of the Ministry of Agriculture examined the experience of Spain and Portugal on irrigation system management methods (more details on www.eecca-water.net);
4. Case studies: establishment of WUAs in Kyrgyzstan (more details on www.gender.cawater-info.net);
5. Presentation “Intra-Farm Irrigation Project” by Project Manager Mr. N. Dzhailobayev (download presentation);
6. “Projects and Programs in the Agricultural Sector” Bulletin, December 2008 (www.refdb.ru).

SIC ICWC

SIC ICWC