Сравнение практик

• Use of water resources
• Use of land resources

Страна: Казахстан

Область: Алматинская

Район: Алакольский

Другой населенный пункт: Yntaly Rural District (320 km away from Taldykorgan (region center))

Страна: Кыргызстан

Область: Таласская

Foothill area

The Chu and Talas Rivers Basins are shared by two riparian countries – Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.  Whereas the rivers’ runoff formation zone is located in the mountainous areas of the Kyrgyz Republic, the zone of the rivers’ drain dispersion and balancing is located on the territory of Kazakhstan.

Chu is the main river of the watershed and mainly forms its drain in Kyrgyzstan (Kochkor Depression at the confluence of the Dzhuanaryk and Kochkor Rivers).

The relief of the basin’s upper streams is represented by deeply dissected slopes of the Dzhumgol, Karakokta, Baidula, and Karakudzhur Ridges, eastern tail of the Kyrgyz Ridge and western tail of the Terskey-Ala-Too.  Passing the Lake Issyk-Kul through the narrow Boom Gorge, the Chu enters the cognominal valley to accept several large and small tributaries: Chon-Kemin (right-bank) and Kyzyl-Suu, Shamsi, Kegety, Issyk-Ata, Alamedin, Ala-Archa, Ak-Suu, Sokuluk, Kara-Balta, Chon-Kahindy, Aspara, etc. (left-bank) flowing from the northern slope of the Kyrgyz Ridge.  The plain of the Chu Depression gradually descends from 1300 m (east) to 120 m (west) ASL.

The Talas River Basin borders the Chu Depression in its lower section in southwestern Kazakhstan, and the rivers’ sources are located at the junction point of the Kyrgyz and Talas Ridges radiating westwards on the territory of Kyrgyzstan.  The Chu-Talas Watershed is represented by the Muyun-Kum High Plain with the absolute mark of about 390 m on the meridian of the mouth of the Talas River and ascending in southeast direction. The watershed line of the Karatau Ridge serves the southern border of the Talas Basin.

Due to varying relief, vegetation and soils in the Chu and Talas Basins are rather diverse as well.  With elevation, desert and semi-desert landscapes featuring the basin’s plain section and intermountain troughs are replaced with steppe, meadow, and forest complexes, and later on with sub-alpine and alpine meadows and grasslands.

Practice scale:

Total basin area:

• Talas River Basin – 52 700 km²;
• Chu River Basin – 67 500 km².

In the Kyrgyz Republic:

• 41 270 km² (Talas River Basin – 78.3%);
• 35 900 km² (Chu River Basin – 57.5%).

In the Republic of Kazakhstan:

• 11 340 km² (Talas River Basin – 21.7%);
• 26 600 km² (Chu River Basin – 42.5%).

Дата начала: 01.01.2008

Дата окончания: 31.12.2010

Дата начала: 01.01.2013

Дата окончания: 31.12.2014

After disintegration of large agricultural enterprises (state farms), the maintenance of inter- and intra-farm irrigation systems – that were earlier on the balance of state farms – appeared to exceed the technical capacity of small-scale private and owner-operated farms.  Due to this reason, in the majority of agricultural districts the tray irrigation networks got out of order.  The wear of the lion’s share of hydraulic engineering facilities in Alakol District reached nearly 70% leading to water losses associated with crops watering – the analysis showed that 40% of water was lost to filtration and evaporation.  In its turn, that resulted in ineffective and irrational use of water resources and contraction of irrigated land area.  For example, whereas in 2003 water intake for irrigation amounted to 195 mln m³, in 2009 it decreased to 114.8 mln m³ (41.1% drop).

Issue: Low efficiency of irrigation water due to wear of hydraulic engineering facilities/installations (tray irrigation system).

Insufficient development of the legal framework regulating interactions and coordinated cooperation in water resource management of the transboundary Chu and Talas Rivers and use of interstate water management facilities

Drip irrigation in combination with soil mulching with polyethylene film

Regulation tools: development of a project document for review (by the Chu-Talas Water Management Commission, further on by the national Ministries of Foreign Affairs (MFAs)) and adoption of relevant decisions, rules and laws

Drip irrigation combined with filming has been widely adopted around the world in vegetable and cucurbits cultivation.  Thanks to long moisture preservation and proper thermal balance achieved under film, deployment of this technology allows reducing the overall need for irrigation water and receiving earlier and higher crop yields.

Actions:

The K-DEN Farm was offered to apply drip irrigation through film cover on the area of 5 hectares in Yntaly Rural District.  The technique was adapted for project site by Doctor of Engineering R.I. Vagapov. The recommended technology is the most available to local farmers and ensures significant saving of irrigation water.

Necessary resources:

1) seeds of vegetable and cucurbit crops;

2) polyethylene film;

3) equipment (DT-75 tractor, seeder, cultivator);

4) labor for preparatory works, sowing and harvest campaigns;

5) expert consultations and training.

Results:

Financial and economic:

The yield of vegetable and cucurbit crops increased twofold compared to two previous years allowing the farm to receive the profit of $12,000/ha in spite of the fact that the whole yield was sold at low price to the local population of Eastern Kazakhstan and Almaty Regions.  In particular, the productivity of vegetable crops amounted to 350-400 dt/ha, and cucurbits – 400 dt/ha.

Technical:

Water saving made 220,040 m³.

Actions:

Based on preliminary consultations in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, the expert team drafted the project document (including, the first international) for preliminary review by the key partners, including the State Agency for Environmental Protection and Forestry (SAEPF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation (MALR) of the Kyrgyz Republic.  Based on the SAEPF feedback, an additional environment expert was invited to mainstream water resource quality monitoring and assessment aspects into the document.

The expert also executed a series of recommendations that were further integrated into the final version of the project document.  In February 2014, the preliminary version of the project document was submitted to and jointly reviewed with the Secretariat of the Chu-Talas Water Management Commission in Bishkek. The consultations allowed gaining support (joint project funding and implementation) on behalf of MALR of Kyrgyzstan, Water Resources Committee (WRC) of the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) of Kazakhstan, SAEPF with the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic, Hydrometeorological Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations (MES) of Kyrgyzstan, SDC (Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation), UNDP and UNECE.  To facilitate the suitable conditions for launching the transboundary project, SAEPF was assisted in drafting the bylaws “Rules of Protecting Surface Water” and “Rules of Protecting Underground Water” serving as the legal foundation for executing joint water quality monitoring, including in the Chu and Talas River Basins.  The project document was also submitted to the GEF Secretariat.  GEF Secretariat comments were reviewed and accounted for.  The project was approved in September 2014.

To optimize costs, the Meeting of the Project Review Committee (PRC) (GEF/UNDP/UNECE Project “Promoting transboundary cooperation and integrated water resource management in the Chu and Talas River Basins”) was held back-to-back with the Meeting of the Chu-Talas Water Management Commission.

As per PRC recommendations, the project document was submitted to the MFAs of the hosting countries (in Kyrgyzstan -- on behalf of SAEPF, and in Kazakhstan – on behalf of UNDP Kazakhstan).

Results:

The mid-size Project “Promoting transboundary cooperation and integrated water resource management in the Chu and Talas River Basins” was designed in due time based on the approved Concept and in compliance with the UNDP/GEF rules and procedures, including the requirements of the GEF International Waters Work-stream, and submitted to the GEF Secretariat.

Lessons learnt:

The practice of drip irrigation in combination with the application of polyethylene film has increased the efficiency of water use and crops productivity as well as reduced labor needs.

Recommendations:

The widespread deployment of water-saving technologies requires the presence of effective financial incentives for at water consumers.

• Domestic tools (outcomes of research by domestic R&D organizations),
• Foreign tools (transfer of foreign experience)

Lessons learnt:

Improved coordination and implementation of activities by water management organizations of the Chu and Talas Basins as the result of fulfilling project requirements and scope.

Recommendations:

The cooperation experience was positive and can be scaled-up in other river basins of interstate value.

Foreign tools (transfer of foreign experience)

1. Затраты на внедрение: Высокие

2. Примерная стоимость капиталовложений на 1 га:

3. Затраты на поддержание и эксплуатацию: Высокие

4. Экспертная поддержка: Не требуется

1. Затраты на внедрение: Высокие

2. Примерная стоимость капиталовложений на 1 га:

3. Затраты на поддержание и эксплуатацию: Высокие

4. Экспертная поддержка: Не требуется

Project title: Integrated preservation of globally significant wetlands as dwelling places of migrating birds.

Project duration: May 2008-Sept 2010.

Project goal and objectives: assessment of agro-economic and environmental efficiency of technology of sprinkling irrigation on vegetable crops; establishment of optimum watering regimes for vegetable crops based on mist sprinkling irrigation.

Project beneficiaries: peasants (farmers) and agricultural producers.

Project implementer: K-DEN Farm

Project title: GEF/UNDP/UNECE Project “Promoting transboundary cooperation and integrated water resource management in the Chu and Talas River Basins”.

Project duration: 2013-2014.

Project goal and objectives: strengthen transboundary cooperation and promote integrated water resource management in the Chu and Talas River Basins, and expand the authority of the Water Resources Commission of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic.

Project beneficiaries: residents and water management organizations of the Chu and Talas River Basins in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.

Project implementer: United Nations Development Programme.

Project donors: Global Environmental Facility, MALR of the KR, WRC with the MoA of the RK, SAEPF with the Government of Kyrgyzstan, Hydrometeorological Service with the MES of the RK, SDC, UNDP and UNECE (joint project funding and implementation).

Responsible agency: UN Development Programme

K-DEN Farm,

Mr. Afrikan Konstantinovich Kim, farm head

(ph.: +7 701 227 27 49, +7 701 672 85 85)

Promoting cooperation in climate change adaptation in the Chu and Talas River Basins (Main Report, Feb 2014);

Report on UNDP activities under the Environment and Power Dimension in 2014
(https://info.undp.org/docs /pdc/Documents/KGZ/Annual%20report%20to%20SAEPF%202014%20final.pdf) 

SIC ICWC

SIC ICWC