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Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations consist of a combination of generators and pumps, or reversible hydro-generators.
These are gravity-based energy storage systems.
During nighttime low-demand periods, pumps use low-cost electricity to transfer water to an upper reservoir. During morning and evening peak demand, water flows downward by gravity to drive turbines, generating high-value electricity.
This flexible power source is essential for real-time frequency regulation within the energy system.
These plants typically achieve efficiencies between 70% and 85%, with lifespans of up to 40 years. They also feature high installed capacity and significant mechanical inertia.
However, two major barriers limit the large-scale deployment of pumped-storage technology:
1. The need for natural terrain with significant elevation differences.
2. The requirement to flood large areas, which can lead to water loss through evaporation and severe ecological damage to local environments.