Rubricator
1. Physical-geographic characteristics of the region
2. Water resources
3. Water resources use
Non-agricultural water use
Agriculture
Irrigated agriculture
Crop lands
Pastures
Soils. Soil fertility. Appraisal.
Crops
Water consumption
Crop rotation
Crop yield
Irrigation
Crop irrigation regime
Irrigation methods
Sprinkling
Stationary sprinkling
Sprinkling using mobile machines
Surface irrigation
Border irrigation
Check irrigation
Furrow irrigation
Gradient plane irrigation
By lengthwise circuit
By crosscut circuit
Low-gradient or horizontal plane irrigation
Dead furrow irrigation by crosscut circuit
Counter irrigation
Check irrigation by furrows
Permanent irrigation site irrigation
Continuous stream irrigation
Alternating stream irrigation
Discrete irrigation
Micro-irrigation
Drip irrigation
Subsoil irrigation
Water losses in fields
Soil water-salt regime
Salinity control
Washing irrigation and washing regimes of irrigation
Effect of irrigation on different types of water
- surface water
river flow reduction below irrigation
water quality deterioration in rivers
discharges of pollutants and toxicants
tugais reduction
delta desertification
growth of water-borne diseases (malaria, etc.)
bio-productivity loss
change in biocenose, water fauna and flora
social losses and environmental damage
loss of river navigation capacities
- groundwater
groundwater table raise (or lowering)
groundwater salinity increase (or decrease)
groundwater head increase (or decrease)
pollution with nitrites, nitrates, and pesticides
waterlogging and salinization
increase in groundwater inflow to rivers
- Aral Sea and Prearalie
sea desiccation, shrinkage
Prearalie desertification
fish productivity loss
climate aridity growth
salt and dust transfer from the dried bed
groundwater inflow increase
social-environmental damage to sectors related to the sea
losses and degradation of delta
Irrigation systems
canals
pipelines
water lifting
pumps and pumping stations
dams
modernization
reconstruction
losses and efficiency of systems
operation of irrigation systems
Drainage
surface horizontal drainage
subsurface horizontal drainage
vertical drainage
combined drainage
biodrainage
drainage flow
drainage flow disposal and recycling
operation of drainage systems
4. Desertification and its monitoring
Causes of desertification
water shortage
drought
climate aridization
deforestation
overgrazing
biological destruction
deficient drainage
salt accumulation
man-made disturbances
aeolian transfer
disturbance of water balance in water body
fertility loss
Desertification types
salinization
deforestation
land degradation (including pastures)
drying of the seabed and water bodies
Desertification indicators
Monitoring methods
5. Institutional and legal issues of water resources management and financing
Management organization
Legal issues
International law and legislations
National laws, codes on water and water users
Interstate agreements on water sharing
Financing
Governmental financing from the budget
At the expense of water users
Methods for fixing of tariffs
Water tariffs
|
